Showing posts with label Piping. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Piping. Show all posts

Isometric drawings of pipes


Isometric piping diagrams are isometric representation of a single pipeline in the factory. It's the most important output of pipeline engineering department. Pipe manufacturing work depends on isometric drawings.

The isometric diagram of pipes consists of three sections. The main section consists of isometric representation of the pipeline path in 3D space, and includes the following information:

1. The line number.

2. The direction of the flow

3. Poster signs and props.

4. Site of pipe components.

5. Welding sites.

The section to the left or right of the drawing includes a material list section for the portion of the line that appears in the isometric drawing. This section includes the following information for all components:

1. Describing the ingredients.

2. The ingredient code.

3. Nominal size.

4. Quantity.

5. Whether material for manufacturing shop or field work.

6. The number of pieces.

The title bar section at the bottom includes the following information:

1. Project details such as client name, engineering office name, project name, project number, project processor license, etc.

2. Pipeline details such as line number, line size, isolation, tracing, liquid code, operating and design pressure and temperature, pressure testing method such as hydraulic or aeronautical test, test pressure, pipe material category, inch diameter, etc.

Accounts:

Inch Meter = Length of pipes in meter x Size of pipes in inch

Inch Dia = size of pipes in inch x number of connections

Isometric Diagram Checklist:
The isometric diagram should be checked according to the project's isometric diagram checklist. This list includes general points as well as project-specific points.

Symbols of Isometric Graphics
Description: Link of codes

Project-specific instructions for testing isometers: Each project has its own requirements. These requirements should be reflected in isometric diagrams. Some of these requirements may relate to:

1. Pressure Safety Valves

Screw Supply Range (Input/Output)

Bolts and bolts in the line, inlet or exit.

2. Fire fighting lines

Pipe cutting requirements.

Types of edges (flat edge or high edge).

3. Ventilation and practical drainage

Ventilation and drainage requirements for hydraulic testing.

Direct distance requirements for flow meters.

4. Insulation of pipes

Isolation fish and its range.

5. Selection of valves / alignment

6. Requirements of jack score rim.

7. Identification of the Pros.

8. The requirements of connections / lovers.

9. Dimensions of galvanized pipe cutting.

10. Signs of the rooster crowing.

11. Notes of mounting props.

12. Channeling the rim of the Orivice.

13. Sequence of delivery in PID layout

14. Edges/fills and bolts at the end of iso sheet.

15. Philosophy of disconnection of paper.

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The professional post:

🔧 Everything you need to know about pipe isometric drawings! 🛠️

Isometric drawings are an essential component in the design and execution of piping in industrial projects. In these graphs, you can find everything about the pipeline, from line number to welding locations and props. These drawings are the document on which the piping department relies on to carry out the work accurately and professionally.

💡 What the isometric diagrams include:

1. Basic information such as line number, flow direction, and pipe supports.

2. Detailed information such as details of materials, sizes and quantities.

3. Tests and methods of testing pressure like hydraulic or aeronautical.

4. Special project requirements such as safety valves, isolation requirements and isometric graph codes.

📊 Special project modifications include:

Safety valves

Fire fighting lines

The requirements of isolation

Steering the edges

Requirements of Rolled Edges

Pipe Size According to 2024 Global Standards

Pipe Line DZ

NPS – Nominal Pipe Size
An American standard (in inches, without unit symbols) used to define pipe size.

For example: NPS 2 has an outside diameter (OD) of 2.375 inches

For NPS 14, the OD is exactly 14 inches

The inside diameter varies depending on the wall thickness, specified by the Schedule (SCH)

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SCH – Schedule (Wall Thickness)
Defines the pipe wall thickness numerically:
📐 Schedules: 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, XS, XXS
🧮 Formula: Schedule ≈ 1000 × (P / S)

P = Design Pressure (psi)

S = Allowable Stress (psi)
📚 Standard References:

ASME B36.10M (2024) for carbon/alloy steel pipes

ASME B36.19M (2024) for stainless steel pipes (symbolized as “S” in SCH numbers like 10S, 40S)

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DN – Diameter Nominal
A metric-based international pipe size standard by ISO (in mm, without “mm” symbol).

Equivalent to NPS as per ISO 1127:2024
🧾 Examples:

DN 15 = NPS ½

DN 50 = NPS 2

DN 300 = NPS 12

🧱 Wall Thickness Series:

Series 1, Series 2, Series 3
Used primarily for classifying stainless steel pipes (B36.19M)

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📊 Pipe Size Equivalents Table:

NPS DN OD (inches) Schedule

½ 15 0.840 SCH 80
2 50 2.375 SCH 40
14 350 14.000 SCH 60

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📎 References:

ASME B36.10M:2024

ASME B36.19M:2024

ISO 1127:2024

Mechanical Engineering Important MCQ (Qustions on Fluid Dynamics)

1) Shear stress in a turbulent flow is given by the formula
τ = η (du / dy)
Where η (eta) is,
a. eddy viscosity
b. apparent viscosity
c. virtual viscosity
d. all of the above
ANSWER: all of the above
2) Magnitude of eddy viscosity for laminar flow is
a. less than zero
b. zero
c. greater than zero
d. unpredictable
ANSWER: zero
3) Kinematic eddy viscosity (ε) is the ratio of
a. eddy viscosity (η) to dynamic viscosity (μ)
b. eddy viscosity (η) to kinematic viscosity (ν)
c. kinematic viscosity to eddy viscosity (η)
d. eddy viscosity (η) to mass density (ρ)
ANSWER: eddy viscosity (η) to mass density (ρ)
4) Friction factor for laminar flow is given by
a. (Re /64)
b. (64 / Re)
c. (Re / 16)
d. (16 / Re)
ANSWER: (64 / Re)
5) What is temporal mean velocity?
a. The average of velocities at a point over a certain period of time
b. The average of velocities of a single particle over different locations in a fluid flow
c. None of the abov
ANSWER: The average of velocities at a point over a certain period of time
6) The friction factor in fluid flowing through pipe depends upon
a. Reynold's number
b. relative roughness of pipe surface
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above
ANSWER: both a. and b.
7) What is the effect of change in Reynold's number on friction factor in turbulent flow?
a. As the Reynold's number increases the friction factor increases in turbulent flow
b. As the Reynold's number increases the friction factor decreases in turbulent flow
c. change in Reynold's number does not affect the friction factor in turbulent flow
d. unpredictable
ANSWER: As the Reynold's number increases the friction factor decreases in turbulent
flow
8) What is the formula for determining the size of equivalent pipe for two pipes of lengths
L1, L2 and diameters d1, d2 respectively?
Where,
L = L1 + L2
a. (L / d) = (L1 / d1) + (L2 / d2)
b. (L / d2 ) = (L1 / d1
2) + (L2 / d2
2)
c. (L / d3) = (L1 / d1
3 ) + (L2 / d2
3)
d. (L / d5) = (L1 / d1
5 ) + (L2 / d2
5)
ANSWER: (L / d5) = (L1 / d1
5 ) + (L2 / d2
5)
9) What is a syphon?
a. A long bend pipe used to carry water from a reservoir at a higher level to another reservoir at a
lower level when two reservoirs are separated by a hill
b. A long bend pipe used to carry water from a reservoir at a lower level to another reservoir at a
higher level with some work input when two reservoirs are separated by a hill
c. A long bend pipe used to carry water from one reservoir to another reservoir when two
reservoirs are at same elevation
d. Unpredictable
ANSWER: A long bend pipe used to carry water from a reservoir at a higher level to
another reservoir at a lower level when two reservoirs are separated by a hill
10) The highest point of syphon is called as
a. syphon top
b. summit
c. reservoir
d. none of the above
ANSWER: summit
11) Match the following physical quantities in Group 1 with their dimensions in Group 2.
1. Work done (Energy) (W) ----------------------------- A. [M L 2 T – 3 ]
2. Power (P) ------------------------------------------------ B. [M L – 1 T – 1 ]
3. Momentum (M) ---------------------------------------- C. [M L 2 T – 2 ]
4. Modulus of elasticity (E) ----------------------------- D. [M L T – 1 ]
5. Dynamic viscosity (μ) --------------------------------- E. [M L – 1 T – 2 ]
a. 1-(C), 2-(A), 3-(D), 4-(E), 5-(B)
b. 1-(A), 2-(C), 3-(D), 4-(E), 5-(B)
c. 1-(C), 2-(A), 3-(E), 4-(B), 5-(D)
d. 1-(D), 2-(E), 3-(B), 4-(A), 5-(C)
ANSWER: 1-(C), 2-(A), 3-(D), 4-(E), 5-(B)
12) Which of the following equations is not dimensionally homogeneous?
Consider standard symbols for quantities.
a. (Force) F = m x a
b. (Head Loss due to friction) hf = (f L V2) / (2 g d)
c. (Torque) T = F x Distance
d. None of the above
ANSWER: None of the above
13) Which of the following is a dimensionless equation?
a. Reynold's equation
b. Euler's equation
c. Weber's equation
d. All of the above
ANSWER: All of the above
14) Which of the following number is applicable in open hydraulic structure such as
spillways, where gravitational force is predominant?
a. Reynold's Number
b. Euler's Number
c. Weber's Number
d. Froude's Number
ANSWER: Froude's Number
15) Square root of the ratio of inertia force to elastic force is called as
a. Mach's Number
b. Cauchy's Number
c. Both a. and b.
d. None of the above
ANSWER: Both a. and b.
16) Boundary layer thickness is the distance from the boundary to the point where
velocity of the fluid is
a. equal to 10% of free stream velocity
b. equal to 50% of free stream velocity
c. equal to 90% of free stream velocity
d. equal to 99% of free stream velocity
ANSWER: equal to 99% of free stream velocity
17) The component of the total force exerted by fluid on a body in the direction parallel to
the direction of motion is called as
a. lift
b. drag
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above
ANSWER: drag
18) The sum of components of shear forces in the direction of flow of fluid is called as
a. shear drag
b. friction drag
c. skin drag
d. all of the above
ANSWER: all of the above
19) The body whose surface does not coincide with the streamline when places in a flow is
called as
a. streamline body
b. wave body
c. bluff body
d. induced body
ANSWER: bluff body
20) Which type of body is an airfoil?
a. streamline body
b. wave body
c. bluff body
d. induced body
ANSWER: streamline body
21) Bulk modulus is the ratio of
a. shear stress to volumetric strain
b. volumetric strain to shear stress
c. compressive stress to volumetric strain
d. volumetric strain to compressive stress
ANSWER: compressive stress to volumetric strain
22) When is a liquid said to be not in a boiling or vaporized state?
a. If the pressure on liquid is equal to its vapour pressure
b. If the pressure on liquid is less than its vapour pressure
c. If the pressure on liquid is more than its vapour pressure
d. Unpredictable
ANSWER: If the pressure on liquid is more than its vapour pressure
23) One litre of a certain fluid weighs 8N. What is its specific volume?
a. 2.03 x 10– 3 m3/kg
b. 20.3 x 10– 3 m3/kg
c. 12.3 x 10– 3 m3/kg
d. 1.23 x 10– 3 m3/kg
ANSWER: 1.23 x 10– 3 m3/kg
24) What is the correct formula for absolute pressure?
a. Pabs = Patm – Pgauge
b. Pabs = Pvacuum – Patm
c. Pabs = Pvacuum + Patm
d. Pabs = Patm+ Pgauge
ANSWER: Pabs = Patm+ Pgauge
25) According to Archimede's principle, if a body is immersed partially or fully in a fluid
then the buoyancy force is _______ the weight of fluid displaced by the body.
a. equal to
b. less than
c. more than
d. unpredictable
ANSWER: equal to

Questions on Fluid Mechanics (Mechanical Engineering Important MCQ)

1) Which of the following statements are true for dimensional analysis?
1. The functional relationship between dependent and non-dependent variables can be
expressed into dimensionless terms by dimensional analysis
2. In model testing, it reduces the number of variables into three numbers
3. It is used to change the theoretical equation into dimensionless form
4. It helps to convert the units of quantities from one system to another system
a. (1), (2) and (3)
b. (2), (3) and (4)
c. (1), (3) and (4)
d. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
ANSWER: (1), (2), (3) and (4)
2) The unit of physical quantity which does not depend on the unit of any other physical
quantity is called as
a. independent dimension
b. fundamental dimension
c. core dimension
d. none of the above
ANSWER: fundamental dimension
3) Which of the following is not a primary quantity?
a. Mass (M)
b. Temperature (θ)
c. Time (T)
d. None of the above
ANSWER: None of the above

4) What are the dimensions of force?
a. [M L T – 2 ]
b. [M L T – 1 ]
c. [M L 2 T – 2 ]
d. [M L 2 T 2 ]
ANSWER: [M L T – 2 ]
5) Which of the following quantities has the dimensions [M0 L0 T 0]
a. Density
b. Stress
c. Strain
d. Strain Rate
ANSWER: Strain
6) How is the intensity of shear stresses over the boundary layer?
a. small
b. large
c. sometimes small and sometimes large
d. cannot say
ANSWER: large
7) The velocity gradients over the boundary layer are
a. small
b. large
c. sometimes small and sometimes large
d. cannot say
ANSWER: large
8) What is the effect of free stream velocity on thickness of boundary layer?
a. Increase in free stream velocity increases the boundary layer thickness
b. Increase in free stream velocity decreases the boundary layer thickness
c. The boundary layer thickness does not get affected by any change in free stream velocity
d. unpredictable
ANSWER: Increase in free stream velocity decreases the boundary layer thickness
9) If viscosity of fluid is more, the thickness of boundary layer is
a. more
b. less
c. not affected by change in viscosity
d. unpredictable
ANSWER: more
10) The region in the turbulent boundary layer zone, adjacent to the solid surface of the
plate is called as
a. laminar sub layer
b. turbulent sub layer
c. solid sub layer
d. solid layer
ANSWER: laminar sub layer
11) Newton's law of viscosity states that
a. the shear stress applied to the fluid is directly proportional to the velocity gradient (du/dy)
b. the shear stress applied to the fluid is inversely proportional to the velocity gradient (du/dy)
c. the shear stress applied to the fluid is directly proportional to the specific weight of the fluid
d. the shear stress applied to the fluid is inversely proportional to the specific weight of the fluid
ANSWER: the shear stress applied to the fluid is directly proportional to the velocity
gradien
12) What is an ideal fluid?
a. A fluid which has no viscosity
b. A fluid which is incompressible
c. A fluid which has no surface tension
d. All of the above
ANSWER: All of the above
13) The below diagram is a graph of change in shear stress with respect to velocity
gradient in a fluid. What is a type of the fluid?



a. Newtonian fluid
b. Non-Newtonian fluid
c. Ideal fluid
d. Dilatent fluid
ANSWER: Non-Newtonian fluid
14) The fluid will rise in capillary when the capillary is placed in fluid, if
a. the adhesion force between molecules of fluid and tube is less than the cohesion between
liquid molecules
b. the adhesion force between molecules of fluid and tube is more than the cohesion between
liquid molecules
c. the adhesion force between molecules of fluid and tube is equal to the cohesion between liquid
molecules
d. cannot say
ANSWER: the adhesion force between molecules of fluid and tube is more than the
cohesion between liquid molecules
15) When the angle between surface tension with the liquid (θ) is greater than 90o, the
liquid becomes
a. flat
b. concave upward
c. convex upward
d. unpredictable
ANSWER: convex upward
16) If stream function (Ψ) satisfies the Laplace equation, it is a possible case of
a. a circular flow
b. a rotational flow
c. an irrotational flow
d. none of the above
ANSWER: an irrotational flow
17) Which acceleration has a nonzero value in uniform flow?
a. Local acceleration
b. Convective acceleration
c. Both local as well as convective acceleration
d. unpredictable
ANSWER: Local acceleration
18) Viscous forces are not present in
a. rotational flow
b. irrotational flow
c. laminar flow
d. none of the above
ANSWER: irrotational flow
19) The component of acceleration due to change in the direction of velocity vector is
called as
a. direction acceleration
b. tangential acceleration
c. normal acceleration
d. cannot say
ANSWER: normal acceleration
20) Blood circulation through arteries is
a. a laminar flow
b. a turbulent flow
ANSWER: a laminar flow
21) What is the correct formula for Euler's equation of motion?
Where,
ρ = density of the fluid
p = pressure force
g = acceleration due to gravity
v = velocity of the fluid
a. (∂p / ρ) + (∂g / ρ) + (∂v / ρ) = 0
b. (∂p / ρ) + (∂g / ρ) + (v dv) = 0
c. (∂p / ρ) + (g dz) + (v dv) = 0
d. (p dp) + (g dz) + (v dv) = 0
ANSWER: (∂p / ρ) + (g dz) + (v dv) = 0
22) Which of the following sentences are true for Bernoulli's equation?
1. Bernoulli's principle is applicable to ideal incompressible fluid
2. The gravity force and pressure forces are only considered in Bernoulli's principle
3. The flow of fluid is rotational for Bernoulli's principle
4. The heat transfer into or out of fluid should be zero to apply Bernoulli's principle
a. (1), (2) and (3)
b. (1), (3) and (4)
c. (1), (2) and (4)
d. (1), (2), (3) and (4)
ANSWER: (1), (2) and (4)
23) Which of the following devices does not use Bernoulli's equation as its working
principle?
a. Venturimeter
b. Orifice-meter
c. Pitot tube
d. None of the above
ANSWER: None of the above
24) Venturimeter consists of short converging conical tube which has a total inclination
angle of
a. 11 ± 1o
b. 21 ± 1o
c. 30 ± 1o
d. 60 ± 1o
ANSWER: 21 ± 1o
25) The cylindrical portion of short length, which connects converging and diverging
section of venturimeter, is called as
a. diffuser
b. connector
c. throat
d. manometer tube
ANSWER: throat

Piping Prefabrication Steps


Procurement of material
Receiving Inspection/Material Inspection
Material Identification

Pipe Cutting Process

Straight Pipe

Groove Preparation

Drilling Process

Temporary Welding
Temporary Welding Inspection
Welding
check with Welding Process Record (Visual/Dimen)
Non-destructive inspection
PT/RT
Pressure Test for Piping

Surface Penetration
Inspection
Painting

Assembly of Piping/Equipment
Visual/Dimensional Examination
Air Tight Test
Inspection
Cleaning/Painting
Inspection
Packing

Identifying Stamp
TAG / Name Plate Shipping Inspection
Shipment


Types of Flanges - Weldneck, Slip-on, Socket Weld, Lap Joint, Threaded, Blind