1. ION:-
An atom or group of atoms that can exist independently with a charge is called an “ION”.
(Or)
Loss or Gain of electrons
2. ATOM:-
These are the smallest particle of a matter which may or may not exist independently.
3. MOLECULE:-
These are the smallest particles of a matter which exists independently.
4. SYMBOL:-
It is the shortest form of an element which represents the number of atoms in that.
5. EQUATION:-
An equation represents a chemical reaction in which there are the reactants and products in symbolic form.
6. RADICAL:-
An atom or group of atoms can exist independently with charges and are formed by loss or gain of electrons.
7. EMPIRICAL FORMULA:-
It is the formula of a molecule that contains the least possible ratio of atoms.
8. MOLECULAR FORMULA:-
It represents the ratio of the atoms in a molecule or a compound which are actually present in that.
9. COMPOUND:-
Two elements combine chemically is called a compound.
10. ELEMENT:-
It is a pure substance.
(Or)
Molecules made of identical atoms.
11. MATTER:-
Which has weight and occupies space
12. CHEMISTRY:-
It is the science which deals with all kinds of matter and their changes.
13. VALENCY:-
The combining capacity of any element is called valency.
14. MOLECULAR WEIGHT:-
The molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of weights of atoms present in it.
15. DISTILLATION:-
Condensation followed by evaporation is called distillation.
16. SOLUTION:-
Solid is mixed with liquid to form solution.
17. BURNING:-
Burning means treating with oxygen
18. CIRCUIT:-
Containing coil is called circuit.
19. NEUTRALIZATION:-
Forming of salts and water from basics and acids
20. SUBLIMINATION:-
On heating some solids substances changes directly into vapor without becoming liquids. This process is known as sublimination.
21. PHYSICAL CHANGE:-
A physical change is a change which can be brought back to the normal condition easily.
22. CHEMICAL CHANGE:-
A chemical change is a change in which substances will change and can not be brought back to their normal condition easily.
23. CHEMICAL COMBINATION:-
In a chemical combination two elements are compound always combines in definite ratio to form a larger compound.
24. CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION:-
In a chemical decomposition always a larger compound divides under special conditions into smaller compound or elements.
25. CHEMICAL DISPLACEMENT:-
In a chemical displacement reaction the elements of higher reactivity will displace the elements of lower reactivity.
26. CHEMICAL DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION:-
In the chemical change there will be the exchange of radicals between two compounds.
27. MIXTURE:-
It is an impure substance which is made up of different kinds of molecules.
(Or)
If the elements or compounds are combine physically. There they form a mixture.
28. FORMULA:-
It is the short form of a molecule.
(Or)
It represents the actual number of constituents of atoms present in the molecules.
29. RUST:-
Iron reacts with the moist air and forms rust.
Formula of Rust:-Fe2o3.
30. REACTANTS:-
The substances which take part in the reaction, they should be written on the left side.
31. PRODUCTS:-
The substance formed in the reaction is called products. They should be written on the right side of the arrow mark.
32. ACIDS:-
Substances with sour taste and changing blue litmus to red
33. BASES:-
Substance with sticky nature and changing red litmus to blue are called Alkalies or Bases.
34. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS:-
During a chemical change matter is neither created nor destroyed but it undergoes physical and chemical change.
35. LAW OF DEFINITE PROPOSITION:-
When two or more elements combine to form a compound, they combine in a fixed ratio of their weights. The ratio is independent of the method of formation of the compound.
36. LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPOSITION:-
The weight of one element that separately combine with a fixed weight of another element to form two or more compound tears a simple integral ratio.
37. SOFT WATER:-
Water which produces lather sufficiently with a soap is called soft water.
38. HARD WATER:-
Water which does not produce lather property with soap is called hard water.
39. CHLORINATION:-
In this process a small quantity of chlorine is added to water in order to kill the microbes which cause illness.
40. OXY-HYDROGEN FLAME:-
Hydrogen generates enormous heat (2400°c) when it burns in the presence of oxygen. It is used for cutting and welding metals.
41. HYDROGENATION OF OILS:-
Conversion of vegetable oils into solid fats by passing hydrogen through them under pressure is called hydrogenation of oils.
42. CATALYST:-
Catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction, without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
43. OXIDATION:-
The chemical reaction of any substance with oxygen or removal of hydrogen from a substance is called oxidation.
(Or)
Loss of electrons is called oxidation.
44. REDUCTION:-
Removal of oxygen from a compound is called reduction.
(Or)
Gain of electrons is called reduction.
45. COMBUSTION:-
Burning substances in oxygen or air is called combustion.
46. AIR POLLUTION:-
The contamination of air by dust and toxic vapors is called air pollution.
47. ALLOTROPY:-
The existence of an element in two or more different physical forms is called allotropy.
48. PHOSPHORESCENCE:-
If phosphorus is exposed to air in dark, it glows because of slow combustion. This is called phosphorescence.
49. NITROGEN FIXATION:-
Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen nitrate salts is called nitrogen fixation.
50. COMPRESSIBILITY:-
Decrease in the volume of the same quantity of gas under pressure is known as compressibility.
51. CHEMICAL EQUATION:-
Chemical equation is a short hand representation of a chemical change or reduction in terms of symbols and formulae.
52. OXYGEN:-
PREPARATION OF OXYGEN:-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:-
Oxygen is a colorless, tasteless and odourless gas. It is slightly heavier than air and slightly soluble in water. It is neutral to litmus. It has no effect on wet litmus paper.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:-
OXIDATION:-
REDUCTION:-
TEST FOR OXYGEN:-
When we introduce a burning splinter into the oxygen gas in burns brightly
53. SEDIMENTATION:-
Water in the form of crystals is called sedimentation.
54. OXIDIZING AGENT:-
The substance which oxidizes is known as oxidizing agent.
55. REDUCING AGENT:-
Hydrogen which removes oxygen from the compounds is called reducing agent.
56. HYDRIDES:-
Hydrogen reacts with many elements to form compounds is called hydrides.
57. TRICKS OF CHEMISTRY:-
58. CHARLE’S LAW:-
At constant pressure the volume of given mass of gas increases with an increase in temperatures and decreases with decrease in temperature by a value of 1/273 of the original volume at 0°c for every one degree centigrade change in temperature.
59. CHEMICAL BOND:-
The atom in a molecule is held together by forces of attraction and this force is called a chemical bond.
60. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION:-
It is defined as a systematic arrangement of electrons in the atomic orbits.
61. COVALENT BOND:-
A bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms each atom contributing one electron to the shared pair is called covalent bond.
62. COVALENT MOLECULE:-
Molecules whose atoms are joined by covalent bonds are called covalent molecules.
63. BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGY:-
Energy which is required to break the bond is called bond dissociation energy.
64. BOND ENERGY:-
The certain amount of energy which is released when a new bond is formed is called bond energy.
65. ENDOTHERMIC REACTION:-
It is a chemical reaction which takes place with the absorption of heat.
66. EXOTHERMIC REACTION:-
It is a chemical reaction which is accompanied by the release of heat energy.
(Or)
Reaction in which heat is evolved is known as exothermic reactions.
67. ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
The reactions which take place only with the absorption of electrical energy are called electrochemical reactions.
68. GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT:-
It can be defined as the relative molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams with reference to the atomic weight of hydrogen.
69. THERMOCHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
Equations representing heat energy in chemical reactions are called thermo chemical reactions.
70. FAST REACTIONS:-
Reactions which take place within a second are known as fast reactions.
71. MODERATE REACTION:-
Reactions taking place in a few minutes to a few hours is termed as moderate reactions.
72. SLOW REACTIONS:-
Reactions taking place in several hours and above are known as slow reactions.
73. MINERALS:-
Compounds of metals which occur in nature with other materials such as sand, rock and clay as impurities and which are obtained by mixing are called minerals.
74. ORES:-
The minerals from which metals can be profitably extracted are called ores.
75. METALLURGY:-
The method of extraction of the metals from their ores and the preparation of alloys is called metallurgy.
76. ORE DRESSING OR CONCENTRATIONS:-
The removal of unwanted impurities by mechanical and other physical methods is known as ore dressing or concentration.
77. CALCINATION:-
It is a process in which ore is subjected to the action of heat in the absence of air.
78. ROASTING:-
It is a process in which ore is heated in the presence of air.
79. MONOATOMIC:-
The atom which has single atom is called mono atomic.
80. DIATOMIC MOLECULES:-
The molecule which has two atoms is called diatomic molecules.
81. CONSTITUENTS:-
The substances present in the mixture are called constituents.
82. DECANTATION:-
Separating a clean liquid from the solid sediment is called decantation.
83. FILTRATION:-
It is a process of separating very fine undissolved solid particles present in a liquid quickly or completely.
84. EVAPOURATION:-
It is a process in which we get back the dissolved solid from a solution by heating.
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