Carbon Equivalent Method
Carbon Equivalent Method: A Guide to Steel Weldability Understanding Carbon Equivalent (CE).
The carbon equivalent (CE) is a crucial metric used to assess the weldability of steels. It provides a simplified measure of how alloying elements, particularly carbon and other hardening elements, affect the steel's tendency to harden during welding. Higher CE values generally indicate a greater propensity for hardening, which can lead to potential issues like cracking or distortion.
Common CE Formulas
Two primary CE formulas are widely recognized:
American Welding Society (AWS) Formula: Includes silicon as a hardening element.
International Institute of Welding (IIW) Formula: Excludes silicon.
What is Weldability?
Weldability is a complex term that encompasses more than just the ability to join metals through welding. It also refers to the material's suitability for a specific application and its performance under the intended service conditions. A weldable material can be successfully fabricated using welding techniques and will function adequately in its intended environment.
CE and Preheat
CE and Weldability: Lower CE values generally correlate with better weldability due to reduced hardening tendencies.
Preheat and High CE: For steels with high CE values, preheating is often necessary to prevent excessive hardening and potential cracking. Preheat helps to control the cooling rate and reduce the risk of rapid cooling-induced hardening.
CE Ranges and Preheat Recommendations
The following table provides a general guideline for CE ranges and corresponding preheat recommendations:
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Weld joint impacted by different shielding gas content
Weld joint impacted by different shielding gas content
Orifice plate
An orifice plate is a thin plate with a circular hole, inserted into a pipe to measure the flow rate of a fluid. By creating a controlled restriction in the pipe, it accelerates the fluid and reduces pressure. The resulting pressure difference between the upstream and downstream sides of the plate is measured, allowing calculation of the flow rate. Orifice plates are commonly used for flow measurement, pressure reduction, or flow restriction, and are often referred to as restriction plates.
Key characteristics of orifice plates include:
• Concentric or eccentric: Concentric plates have the hole centered in the pipe, while eccentric plates have the hole off-center.
• Sharp-edged or rounded: Sharp-edged plates have a sharp edge around the hole, while rounded plates have a rounded edge.
• Beta ratio: The ratio of the hole diameter to the pipe diameter.
Orifice plates are commonly used in various industries, including:
• Oil and gas
• Chemical processing
• Water and wastewater treatment
• Food and beverage
Advantages of orifice plates:
• Low cost
• Simple design and installation
• Wide range of flow rates
• Accuracy
Disadvantages of orifice plates:
• Permanent pressure loss
• Sensitivity to flow conditions
• Not suitable for dirty fluids
Overall, orifice plates are a reliable and cost-effective method for measuring fluid flow rates in many applications.
Orifice plate in a pipe
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