🔷 Pipe Materials Classification
1. Metals
├─ Ferrous
│ ├─ Iron
│ │ ├─ Wrought Iron
│ │ └─ Cast Iron (Gray, Ductile, White, Malleable)
│ └─ Steel
│ ├─ High Alloy (e.g., Stainless Steel)
│ ├─ Medium Alloy (e.g., Cr-Mo)
│ └─ Carbon Steel
│ ├─ High Carbon (>0.6%)
│ ├─ Medium Carbon (~0.3%)
│ └─ Low Carbon (<0.3%)
└─ Non-Ferrous (Nickel, Copper, Aluminum alloys)
2. Non-Metals
├─ Non-Plastic (Concrete, Glass)
└─ Plastic (Thermoplastics, Thermosets, Fiber Reinforced)
🔶 Cast Iron Overview
Wrought Iron: Tough, ductile, corrosion-resistant (low carbon <0.05%)
Cast Iron Types:
Gray: Graphite flakes, easy to machine (ASTM A48)
Ductile: Graphite nodules, shock resistant (ASTM A395)
White: Cementite-rich, brittle
Malleable: Annealed white iron, tough yet ductile (ASTM A47)
🔷 Carbon Steel Insights
Composed of <2% C, with elements like Si, Mn, S, P
Common Standards: ASTM A106, ASTM A53, API 5L
Alloy Elements:
Element Role
C (Carbon) Strength & hardness, but affects ductility
Mn Deoxidizer, improves strength
Si Improves castability
Cr Corrosion resistance, hardness
Mo High-temp strength, creep resistance
Ni Fracture toughness, austenitic structure at high %
Cu Atmospheric corrosion resistance
V Grain refinement, hydrogen resistance
🔶 Essential Characteristics of Pipe Materials
1. Chemical – Elements, impurities, alloy content
2. Physical – Density, conductivity, thermal expansion
3. Microstructure – Grain size, phase composition
4. Mechanical – Yield, ultimate strength, toughness, ductility
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