Typical Fuel quality requirements for a Gas Turbine:

A separate starting fuel is required for applications with single oil conventional burner if the fuel viscosity is above 4.1 mm²/s at 40°C.

The viscosity of the fuel at the injectors must not exceed 6.0 mm²/s (2nd gen. DLE burner) or 7.0 mm²/s (conventional burner) for good atomisation. A fuel with a higher viscosity than 6.0 respectively 7.0 mm2 /s, at the lowest temperature the fuel system may experience, requires preheating and trace heating of fuel piping in order to achieve correct viscosity at the fuel injectors.

Fuels with viscosity less than 2.0 mm2/s at highest fuel operating temperature, such as naphtha or kerosene, require dosage of anti-wear additives in order to prevent pump failures. 

The supply temperature of minimum 5°C prevents eventual free water from freezing in pipes and valves. The supply temperature shall also always be higher than the cloud point.

Fuels that are handled at temperatures close to or above the flash point require explosion proof equipment and a separate starting fuel. Special safety regulations will apply which vary from country to country.

The fuel must be kept at least 10°C above the cloud point.

In the specification polyaromatic compounds are defined as tricyclic compounds and higher, i.e. no di-aromatics included.

For fuels with higher water and/or sediment content separators should be installed.

Generally less than 0.5 ppm(w) heavy metals is required in order to conform to the condition for the ash sticking point. Somewhat higher contents can often be handled by employing corrosion inhibition additives. The quantity of the additive shall be enough to keep the ash sticking temperature above 950°C. However, a high content of additives requires additional cleaning of the turbine. Siemens will advise on equipment, additive type and dosage.

Generally less than 0.5 ppm(w) sodium + potassium is required in order to conform to the condition for the ash sticking point. Somewhat higher concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium can be reduced to acceptable limits by fuel washing and/or separation. However, the washability of the fuel has to be checked. Siemens will advise on equipment.

The use of a fuel having an ash sticking point temperature below 950 °C introduces a great risk of high temperature corrosion for the gas turbine and must not be permitted even for a short period of time. The sticking point temperature can be raised by additive treatment of the fuel. Any such additive must be approved by Siemens 

Price Reporting Agencies

 Majorly there were four Price Reporting Agencies (PRA) in the World namely

·         Platts,

·         Argus Media,

·         Asia Petroleum Price Index (APPI), and

·         ICIS London Oil Report

 

Price Reporting Agencies (PRA)	Methods of reporting data
ICIS London Oil Report	subjective approach based on the first-hand extensive trading experience of its reporters
APPI	mechanical approach based on data submitted in writing to an accounting firm by a panel of traders
Platts	combination of mechanistic analysis and judgement
Argus Media	combination of mechanistic analysis and judgement

 

Averaged over lengthy time periods, the differences among prices reported by different PRAs for the same crude oil grade is usually substantially less than $1.00/bbl.

In the case of the key benchmark grade of “Dated Brent” this difference is about $0.01/bbl.

In the case of other benchmarks, such as Dubai and Tapis, the differences over time can be more substantial.

ICIS which employs the ICE one-minute marker directly for the purpose of establishing its 21-Day BFOE assessment

Platts prices are perceived to be firmly entrenched in the contractual fabric of the industry and it and has the largest customer base followed by Argus. There is considerable inertia in the industry that sees even companies that are highly critical of Platts and its methodologies continuing to use it as a price reference source in their deals.

OISD Standards

The Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) is an organisation supported by all petroleum companies of India, like IOCL, ONGC, BPCL, HPCL, OIL etc. OISD has basically framed rules and guidelines for Safe Distances to be observed for various Facilities in an oil installation. All the new LPG Bottling Plants in India are designed based on the guidelines of OISD. Further, The LPG Plants can be started only after the Clearance of OISD. OISD has also issued guidelines for the safe operations of Petrol Stations in India. The OISD norms for Petrol stations ensures that the Operator has equal responsibility in the operation of Petrol Pump. As on date the Filling Station owner has to issue the hot work permit for every work as per OISD 225 regulations. OISD has issued standards related to Petroleum Installation from OISD 105 to OISD 227^[1]. Each and every oil installation managed by oil companies of India have to adhere to the standards. The depots, terminals and LPG bottling plants are regularly inspected and the recommendations are implemented at the earliest.

Standards

OISD has issued approximately 110 Standards relating to installation, commissioning and operation of oil facilities in India. Some of the standards are as given below (Details available on web site http://www.oisd.nic.in):

1. OISD-STD-105 Work Permit System

2. OISD-STD-106 Process design and operating philosophies on pressure relief and disposal system

3. OISD-STD-108 Recommended Practices on Oil Storage and Handling

4. OISD-STD-109 Process Design and Operating philosophies on blow down and sewer system

5. OISD-RP-110 Recommended Practices on Static Electricity

6. OISD-STD-111 Process design and operating philosophies on fired process furnace

7. OISD-STD-112 Safe handling of air hydrocarbon mixtures and pyrophoric substances

8. OISD-STD-113 Classification of Area for electrical installation at Hydrocarbon and handling facilities

9. OISD-STD-114 Hazardous Chemicals and their Handling

10. OISD-GDN-115 Guidelines for fire fighting equipment /appliances in petroleum industry

11. OISD-STD-116 Fire Protection facilities for Petroleum Refineries and Oil/Gas Processing Plants

12. OISD-STD-117 Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Depots and Terminals

13. OISD-STD-118 Layouts for Oil and Gas Installations Rev.I

14. OISD-STD-119 Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Pumps

15. OISD-STD-120 Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Compressors

16. OISD-STD-121 Inspection of turbines and Diesel Engines

17. OISD-STD-122 Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Fans, Blowers, Gear Boxes, Agitators & Mixers

18. OISD-RP-123 Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Rotary Equipment Components

19. OISD-RP-124 Predictive Maintenance Practices

20. OISD-RP-125 Inspection and Maintenance of Mechanical Seals

21. OISD-RP-126 Specific maintenance practices for rotating equipment

22. OISD-STD-127 History recording of rotating equipment (withdrawn)

23. OISD-STD-128 Inspection of unfired pressure vessels

24. OISD-STD-129 Inspection of storage tanks

25. OISD-STD-130 Inspection of Piping Systems

26. OISD-STD-131 Inspection of Boilers

27. OISD-STD-132 Inspection of pressure relieving devices

28. OISD-STD-133 Inspection of fired heaters

29. OISD-STD-134 Inspection of heat exchangers

30. OISD-STD-135 Inspection of loading and unloading hoses for petroleum products

31. OISD-STD-137 Inspection of electrical equipment

32. OISD-STD-138 Inspection of cross country pipelines – Onshore

33. OISD-STD-139 Inspection of pipelines - Offshore

34. OISD-STD-140 Inspection of jetty pipelines

35. OISD-STD-141 Design and Construction requirements for cross country hydrocarbon pipelines

36. OISD-STD-142 Inspection of fire fighting equipment's and systems

37. OISD-STD-144 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Installations

38. OISD-GDN-145 Guidelines on Internal Safety Audits (Procedures and Checklist) Rev.I

39. OISD-RP-146 Preservation of ideal electrical equipment

40. OISD-RP-147 Inspection & safe practices during electrical installations

41. OISD-RP-148 Inspection & safe practices during overhauling electrical equipment

42. OISD-RP-149 Design aspects for safety in electrical systems

43. OISD-STD-150 Design and Layout of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Mounded Storage Vessels

44. OISD-STD-151 Safety in Design, Fabrication and Fittings ; Propane Tank Truck

45. OISD-STD-152 Safety instrumentation for process system in hydrocarbon industry

46. OISD-STD-153 Maintenance & inspection of safety instrument in hydrocarbon industry

47. OISD-STD-154 Safety aspects in functional training

48. OISD-STD-155 Personnel Protective Equipment Part I Non-respiratory equipment Part II Respiratory Equipment

49. OISD-GDN-156 Fire Protection Facilities for Port Oil Terminals

50. OISD-RP-157 Recommended Practice for Transportation of Bulk Petroleum Products

51. OISD-RP-158 Recommended Practices on Storage and Handling of Bulk Liquefied Petroleum Gas

52. OISD-STD-159 LPG Tank Trucks - Requirements of Safety on Design/Fabrication and Fittings

53. OISD-STD-160 Protection to fittings mounted on existing LPG tank trucks

54. OISD-STD-161 Rescue & relief operations involving tank truck accidents carrying LPG

55. OISD-STD-162 Safety in installations and maintenance of LPG Cylinder Manifold

56. OISD-STD-163 Process Control Room Safety

57. OISD-STD-164 Fire Proofing in Oil and Gas Industry

58. OISD-STD-165 Guidelines for Rescue and Relief Operations for POL Tank Truck Accident

59. OISD-GDN-166 Guidelines for Occupational Health Monitoring in Oil and Gas Industry

60. OISD-STD-167 POL Tanklorry Design & Safety

61. OISD-GDN-168 Preparation of On-site Emergency Plan for the Marketing Locations

62. OISD-GDN-169 OISD Guidelines on Small LPG Bottling Plants (Design and Fire Protection facilities)

63. OISD-RP-170 Inspection, Maintenance, Repairs and Rehabilitation of foundations and structures

64. OISD-STD-171 Preservation of Idle Static and Rotary Equipment

65. OISD-RP-173 Fire Protection Systems for Electrical Installations

66. OISD-STD-174 Well Control

67. OISD-STD-175 Cementing Operations

68. OISD-STD-176 Safety Training for Offshore Personnel

69. OISD-STD-177 Inspection and Maintenance of Thermal Insulation

70. OISD-GDN-178 Guidelines on Management of Change

71. OISD-STD-179 Safety Requirements for Compression, Storage and Refueling Stations for CNG in Automotive sector

72. OISD-STD-180 Lightning Protection.

73. OISD-STD-181 Geophysical Operations

74. OISD-STD-182 Recommended Safe Procedures and Guidelines for Workover and Well Stimulation Operation

75. OISD-STD-183 Logging Operations

76. OISD-GDN-184 Replacement of Personnel Protective Equipment and Life Saving appliances

77. OISD-STD-185 Wire line Operations

78. OISD-STD-186 Simultaneous Operations in Exploration & Production Industry

79. OISD-STD-187 Care & Use Of Wire Rope

80. OISD-STD-188 Corrosion Monitoring of Offshore & Onshore Pipelines

81. OISD-STD-189 Fire Fighting Equipment for Drilling rigs, Work over Rigs and Production Installations.

82. OISD-STD-190 Derrick Floor Operation (Offshore Drilling/ Work over rig)

83. OISD-STD-191 Oil Field Explosives Safety

84. OISD-GDN-192 Safety Practice during Construction

85. OISD-STD-193 Gas Lift Operations and Maintenance

86. OISD-STD-194 Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

87. OISD-STD-195 Safety in Design, Operation, Inspection and Maintenance of Hydrocarbon Gas Compressor Stations and Terminals

88. OISD-GDN-196 Guidelines for seeking Environmental Clearance of Development Projects in Petroleum Industry

89. OISD-GDN-197 Guidelines on Environmental Impact Assessment

90. OISD-GDN- 199 Guidelines for Environment Audits

91. OISD-GDN-200 Guidelines for Development of Contingency Plan for Oil Spill Response.

92. OISD-GDN-201 Environment Management in Exploration & Production Sector

93. OISD-GDN-202 Inspection of Drilling and Workover Rig Mast./ Sub-structure.

94. OISD-GDN-203 Operation, Maintenance and Inspection of Hoisting Equipment

95. OISD-STD-204 Medical Requirements, Emergency Evacuation and Facilities

96. OISD-RP-205 Crane Operation, Maintenance and Testing (For upstream)

97. OISD-GDN-206 Guidelines on Safety Management System in Petroleum Industry

98. OISD-GDN-207 Contractor Safety

99. OISD-STD-210 Storage, Handling and Refueling of Liquefied Petroleum Gas for Automotive Use

100. OISD - GDN-211 Safety in Petroleum Laboratories

101. OISD-GDN-212 Guidelines on Environmental Audit (Internal) in Downstream Petroleum Sector

102. OISD-STD-214 Cross Country LPG Pipelines

103. OISD-STD-216: Electrical Safety in Onshore Drilling and Workover Rigs

104. OISD-GDN-217 Formulation of Environment Management Plan for Drilling Operations

105. OISD -GDN -218 Safe Rig-up and Rig-down of Drilling and Work-over Rigs

106. OISD -GDN -219 Field Inspection, Handling and Testing of Casing Pipe and Tubing

107. OISD-STD-224 Monitoring & control of VOC Emission and LDAR Programme

108. OISD-STD-225 Storage, Handling & Dispensing at Petroleum Retail Outlets

109. OISD-STD-226: Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines and City Gas Distribution Networks

110. OISD-GDN-227: Emergency Response Preparedness in E&P Industry

Most Common Questions of Mechanical Engineering

How a worn out shaft is built?

Worn out shaft is built up by welding followed by machining for required dimensions.

What changes in the design when there is no attemperator?

Without an attemperator, the surface area required in the furnace will be very huge. Big power plants like 500 MW and 1000 MW do not use attemperator. Material constraints also necessitate an attemperator.

 

Advantages of Lovejoy Couplings?

Lovejoy couplings made of rubber can tolerate misalignment better than other coupling like metaflex (shim type couplings)

How Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) is carried out ?

Spray magnet particles on the area to be tested.

Place electromagnet and magnetize the area. If there is a crack, flux will leak through it and particles will align themselves along the crack. When seen under UV light, the crack can be detected.

CPO – Crude Palm Oil

CPKO – Crude Palm Kernel Oil

Application of Seals

Bellow Seal – High Temperature Liquid places

Unbalanced seal – high face stresses, closing force is very high

Balanced Seal – Low face stresses

Where the Flushing connection in a seal is ?

Flushing connection in a seal is always on gland plate

 

Why Olgone Technology – Lengthens reformate treater cycles & reduce overall costs.