Showing posts with label Hydrogen. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hydrogen. Show all posts
The IEA’s 7 key recommendations to scale up hydrogen
1. Establish a role for hydrogen in long-term energy strategies. National, regional and city governments can guide future expectations. Companies should also have clear long-term goals. Key sectors include refining, chemicals, iron and steel, freight and long-distance transport, buildings, and power generation and storage.
2. Stimulate commercial demand for clean hydrogen. Clean hydrogen technologies are available but costs remain challenging. Policies that create sustainable markets for clean hydrogen, especially to reduce emissions from fossil fuel-based hydrogen, are needed to underpin investments by suppliers, distributors and users. By scaling up supply chains, these investments can drive cost reductions, whether from low-carbon electricity or fossil fuels with carbon capture, utilization and storage.
3. Address investment risks of first-movers. New applications for hydrogen, as well as clean hydrogen supply and infrastructure projects, stand at the riskiest point of the deployment curve. Targeted and time-limited loans, guarantees and other tools can help the private sector to invest, learn and share risks and rewards.
4. Support R&D to bring down costs. Alongside cost reductions from economies of scale, R&D is crucial to lower costs and improve performance, including for fuel cells, hydrogen based fuels and electrolysers (the technology that produces hydrogen from water). Government actions, including use of public funds, are critical in setting the research agenda, taking risks and attracting private capital for innovation.
5. Eliminate unnecessary regulatory barriers and harmonize standards. Project developers face hurdles where regulations and permit requirements are unclear, unfit for new purposes, or inconsistent across sectors and countries. Sharing knowledge and harmonizing standards is key, including for equipment, safety and certifying emissions from different sources. Hydrogen’s complex supply chains mean governments, companies, communities and civil society need to consult regularly.
6. Engage internationally and track progress. Enhanced international co-operation is needed across the board but especially on standards, sharing of good practices and cross border infrastructure. Hydrogen production and use need to be monitored and reported on a regular basis to keep track of progress towards long-term goals.
7. Focus on four key opportunities to further increase momentum over the next decade. By building on current policies, infrastructure and skills, these mutually supportive opportunities can help to scale up infrastructure development, enhance investor confidence and lower costs:
• Make the most of existing industrial ports to turn them into hubs for lower-cost, lower-carbon hydrogen.
• Use existing gas infrastructure to spur new clean hydrogen supplies.
• Support transport fleets, freight and corridors to make fuel-cell vehicles more competitive.
• Establish the first shipping routes to kick-start the international hydrogen trade.
Hydrogen Storage and Transportation
Today, almost all hydrogen is produced on the site where it is to be used in a practice called captive use. This is particularly common at industrial sites where hydrogen is used in manufacturing processes. For some applications, though, hydrogen is delivered from off-site. The delivery method depends on the distance to be travelled.
● Pipeline
● High-Pressure Tube Trailer
● Liquefied Hydrogen Tanker
● Mobile Refueler
Hydrogen has a very high energy content by weight (about three times more than gasoline), but a very low energy content by volume (about four times less than gasoline). As a result, storing
hydrogen—particularly within the size and weight constraints of a vehicle is an area of concern. All systems for storing and handling hydrogen are designed with safety.
● Compressed Hydrogen Gas Storage
● Onboard Compressed Hydrogen Gas Storage
● Compressed Hydrogen Gas System Safety
● Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen
● Liquid Ammonia
● LOHC
Thermochemical & Electrolysis technologies - Hydrogen Production
Thermochemical & Electrolysis technologies - Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen is often produced through thermochemical processes, which heat to separate hydrogen from its source.
● Natural Gas Reforming
About 95% of the hydrogen produced in the world today is created through steam methane reforming. In this process, high-temperature steam and heat are used to separate hydrogen from a methane source, usually natural gas. An alternative method, called partial oxidation, reacts with methane and other hydrocarbons found in natural gas with oxygen to produce synthesis gas, from which hydrogen can be separated.
● Gasification
Gasification involves applying heat, pressure, and steam to convert coal or biomass into a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other compounds.
Absorbers then separate the hydrogen from the gas mix.
● Renewable Liquid Fuel Reforming
Like natural gas reforming, renewable liquid fuel reforming uses high-temperature steam to
create a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In this case, however, the source
is a renewable fuel such as bio-oil or ethanol.
Electrolytic Hydrogen Production
○ Electrolytic hydrogen production methods use electricity to split water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O). When the process is reversed, hydrogen and oxygen are combined to produce electricity and water.
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